https://frontierfields.org/2017/05/08/a-sea-of-galaxies-in-the-final-frontier-fields-views/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/location-cetus.pngLocation-CetusLocation of the Abell 370 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the constellation Cetus. Credit—Frontier Field location: STScI; Enlarged constellation map: International Astronomical Union (IAU)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/hff-abell370-parallel-crop-third-170207.pngHFF-Abell370-parallel-crop-third-170207The “parallel field” shows a wide assortment of galaxies stretching back through time and space.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/footprints-abell370-parallel.pngFootprints-Abell370-ParallelThe locations of Hubble’s observations of the Abell 370 galaxy cluster (right) and the adjacent parallel field (left) are plotted over a Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble’s visible-light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble’s infrared-light observations. A scale bar in the lower left corner of the image indicates the size of the image on the sky. The scale bar corresponds to approximately 1/30th the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. Astronomers refer to this unit of measurement as one arcminute, denoted as 1′. https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/hff-abell370-cluster-crop-third-161103.pngHFF-Abell370-cluster-crop-third-161103The massive galaxy cluster Abell 370 as seen by Hubble Space Telescope in the final Frontier Fields observations.2017-05-09T13:57:04+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2017/04/19/spotlight-on-rachael-livermore-postdoctoral-fellow-the-university-of-texas-at-austin/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/rachael_trek.jpgrachael_trekWearing a Star Trek uniform she sewed herself, Rachael steps onto the bridge of the Starship Enterprise.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/aas_abell370.jpgAAS_Abell370Wearing an astronomically themed dress of her own creation, Rachael poses in front of a large picture of Abell 370, the first strongly lensing galaxy cluster discovered. It was the last of the Frontier Fields galaxy clusters to be imaged. Her dress is actually made up of the Frontier Fields, and the top front piece is Abell 370.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/childportrait.jpgRachael Livermore-Child PortraitAs a child, Rachael was influenced by her mother’s fascination with space. Seeing the Moon through her grandfather’s telescope was a pivotal point in her young life. https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/profileportrait.pngRachael Livermore PortraitAstronomer Rachael Livermore answers questions about her role on the Frontier Fields program and the path she took to get there. 2017-04-19T15:23:52+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2017/03/31/on-beginnings-at-the-end/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/1-recent_shot-fiddle.pngRay Lucas-FiddleRay Lucas is a Research and Instrument Scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute, where he has worked for about 32 years. His main interests in astronomy are interacting and merging galaxies and galaxy formation and evolution. He has been a member of all of STScI’s community service Deep Field project teams since the original Hubble Deep Field, particularly helping to work out details of the observations in the early stages. In addition to many other smaller programs on various galaxies, he has also been an investigator on a number of large galaxy survey programs like GOODS, HUDF05, and CANDELS, and other projects of his own. Aside from astronomy, among many other things, his passions include music. He plays fiddle, mandolin, and Celtic bouzouki, and some other instruments as well.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/7-jwst.pngJWSTThe James Webb Space Telescope is a large infrared telescope with a 6.5-meter primary mirror.  Scheduled for launch in October of 2018, Webb will be the premier observatory of the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. It will study every phase in the history of our universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Bang, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own solar system. This illustration shows the cold side of the James Webb Space Telescope, where the mirrors and instruments are positioned. Credit: Northrop Grumman. https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6-parallel-fields.pngParallel FieldsThis image illustrates the “footprints” of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) infrared detector, in red, and the visible-light Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), in blue. An instrument’s footprint is the area on the sky it can observe in one pointing. Adjacent observations were taken in tandem, or parallel. In six months, the cameras swapped places, with each observing the other’s previous location.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5a-xdf.png5A-XDFCalled the eXtreme Deep Field, or XDF, this photo above was assembled by combining 10 years of NASA Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken of a patch of sky at the center of the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field. More than 2,000 images of the same field were taken with Hubble's two premier cameras – the Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Wide Field Camera 3, which extends Hubble's vision into near-infrared light – and combined to make the XDF. The new full-color XDF image reaches much fainter galaxies, and includes very deep exposures in red light, enabling new studies of the earliest galaxies in the universe. The faintest galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. Hubble pointed at a tiny patch of southern sky in repeat visits for a total of 50 days, with a total exposure time of 2 million seconds. Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/5-original2004hudf.png5-Original2004HUDFThe original 2004 Hubble Ultra Deep Field, taken with the even newer, more sensitive ACS camera with a larger field of view, revealed thousands more galaxies than the earlier WFPC2 Deep Field images, in an even "deeper" core sample of the universe, cutting across billions of light-years. The snapshot includes galaxies of various distances, ages, sizes, shapes, and colors. In vibrant contrast to the rich harvest of classic spiral and elliptical galaxies, a zoo of oddball galaxies also litters the field. Some look like toothpicks or tadpoles; others like links on a bracelet. Some also appear to be interacting. These galaxies chronicle a period when the universe was still younger and more chaotic. Credit: NASA, ESA, and S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/4a-hdf-s_multiplefields.png4A- HDF-S_MultipleFieldsThe HDF-South was much more complex than the original HDF-North, consisting of a very deep field centered on the quasar in the smaller field of view of the STIS CCD camera (and quasar spectra taken with the spectrographic mode of STIS), plus parallel deep WFPC2 and NICMOS images. Fairly deep images were also taken with STIS superimposed on the deep NICMOS image, with similarly deep parallel images in NICMOS and WFPC2. Finally, shallower Flanking Fields were taken with WFPC2 around and between the STIS, WFPC2, and NICMOS deep fields, and parallel images of similar depth in STIS and NICMOS were taken simultaneously, such that the entire HDF-South consisted of ~30+ fields imaged in 3 cameras across optical and infrared wavelengths, as well as quasar spectra. The STIS Deep Field with quasar in the center is near the top arrow. The NICMOS Deep Field is at lower left, and WFPC2 Deep Field is at lower right. STIS images were also taken of the NICMOS Deep Field at lower left. The extreme lower left image was the resulting NICMOS parallel, and the image at bottom center was the resulting WFPC2 parallel, all of medium depth. All the other images were shallower WFPC2 images and their associated STIS and NICMOS parallels. Credit: NASA, ESA, and Richard Hook (STECF) https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/4-hdf-s.png4-HDF-SThis 1998 Hubble Deep Field-South (HDF-South) WFPC2 image was similar to that of the original Hubble Deep Field (also called Hubble Deep Field-North, or HDF-North) in many ways. This was reassuring, although it was not the deepest of the images in the HDF-South. The deepest HDF-South image was actually taken by the CCD camera on the newer Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument, and it had a quasar in the center of its field of view that was also observed with the STIS spectrograph. Other deep observations were also simultaneously obtained with the newer Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrograph (NICMOS) instrument, which was also installed in 1997 at the same time as STIS. A fairly deep “STIS-on-NICMOS” image was also taken on top of the area of the deep NICMOS image, and many parallel Flanking Fields were also imaged in WFPC2, STIS, and NICMOS to shallower depth. Credit: R. Williams (STScI), the HDF-S Team, and NASA/ESA.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3-originalhdf.png3-OriginalHDFThe original 1995/1996 Hubble Deep Field WFPC2 image covered a speck of the sky only about the width of a dime at 75 feet away, or a grain of sand held at arm’s length. In this small field, Hubble uncovered a bewildering assortment of thousands of galaxies at various stages of evolution. Credit: R. Williams (STScI), the Hubble Deep Field Team and NASA/ESA.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2a-team.png2A-TeamSome members of the original Hubble Deep Field team looking at HDF images in December 1995 or early 1996. Left to right: Ray Lucas, Richard Hook, Harry Ferguson (at computer), Marc Postman, and Hans-Martin Adorf.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2-sm1_ero-1.png2-SM1_ERO-1After the first servicing mission to Hubble in December 1993, the newly installed Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) imaged the central portion of a remote cluster of galaxies called Abell 851, or CL 0939+4713. At the time this observation was taken, though only of 10 orbits depth in one filter, it was one of the deepest detailed optical images ever taken of the night sky. This observation was a precursor to and helped inspire the later Hubble Deep Fields and Frontier Fields and other similar work. Credit: Alan Dressler (Carnegie Institution) and NASA.2017-04-03T14:39:24+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2017/03/08/sharing-the-nasa-frontier-fields-story/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/spitzer.pngSpitzerShown here is NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, which can observe infrared light. Credit: NASAhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/hst_300dpi_4c.pngHubbleShown here is NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, which can observe ultraviolet light, visible light, and near-infrared light. Credit: NASAhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/chandra.pngChandraShown here is NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, which can observe high-energy X-rays. Credit: NASAhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/a2744-great-obs-3up-color-1200-170202.pngColorized Great Observatory Images of Abell 2744Processed images of galaxy cluster Abell 2744, with color added (X-ray light - blue, visible light - green, infrared light - red). Credit: Chandra – NASA/CXC/SAO; Hubble – NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI); Spitzer – NASA/JPL-Caltech/P. Capakhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/abell2744-greatobs-1611201.pngabell2744-greatobs-161120https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/abell2744-greatobs-3up-1611201.pngabell2744-greatobs-3up-161120https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/hff-a2744wfirst-1200x720-161122.pngWFIRST Field-of-ViewShown here are Hubble’s observations of Abell 2744 and parallel field (inset boxes), located inside the footprint of the WFIRST Wide Field Instrument. Credit: FF - NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI); DSS – STScI/NASA; Z. Levay (STScI)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/simulation_combined.pngJWST Simulated DataShown here are simulated Spitzer (left) and JWST (right) images of distant galaxies in infrared colors. These were constructed from a computer simulation of the deep universe. Credit: G. Snyder & Z. Levay (STScI)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/hff-a2744-modeling-sub-a-b-1200x960-170201.pngUsing Models to Subtract the Light from Foreground Cluster Galaxies.Using mathematical models, astronomers can remove the foreground light from galaxies within a galaxy cluster. By removing the large-scale foreground light, astronomers are able to identify small-scale structures of background, faint, lensed galaxies. Shown here is galaxy cluster Abell 2744 before foreground light subtraction (left) and after foreground light subtraction (right). Multiple distant, faint galaxies become visible using this technique. Those in the circles are background galaxies that are possibly very distant, i.e., those with possibly very high redshifts. Credit: Livermore, Finkelstein, & Lotz 2016https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/hff-a2744-modeling-c-3000x2000-161209.pngMass Distribution and Magnification MapMathematical models of the mass distribution of a galaxy cluster provide magnification maps that pinpoint the locations of greatest magnification due to gravitational lensing. These are where astronomers search for the most distant and faintest galaxies. Shown here are Hubble imagery of galaxy cluster Abell 2744 (green); distribution of mass for the Abell 2744 galaxy cluster (blue); and locations of greatest lensing for background galaxies with a redshift of 9 (pink). There are different magnification maps for background galaxies at different distances. Credit: J. Richard (CRAL Lyon), CATS team, and D. Coe (STScI)2017-03-10T15:12:43+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/04/11/hubble-observations-from-the-ground-to-your-computer/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/bgr-filters_data-processing_abell2744.jpgBGR-filters_Data-Processing_Abell2744The top row shows the combined exposures through each of the seven filters as single images. To produce the color pictures, exposures from several, selected filters from Hubble’s WFC3 and ACS were combined into one of three primary colors based on their wavelengths. The primary color images were then composited to produce the full-color image. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, the HFF Team, and Ann Feild (STScI).https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/cosmic-ray-removal__grayscale-1.jpgCosmic-Ray-removal__Grayscale-1Cosmic ray signatures are removed by combining two exposures in a way that removes everything not in both images. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, the HFF Team, and Ann Feild (STScI). 2017-02-03T16:45:08+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/11/14/the-hunt-for-jellyfish-galaxies-in-the-frontier-fields/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/jellyfish_3-panel.pngjellyfish_3-panelSome examples of jellyfish galaxies in the Frontier Fields. In each image, note the telltale, trailing “tentacles” of stars and gas. The left and right galaxies are from galaxy cluster Abell 2744. The middle galaxy resides in galaxy cluster Abell S1063.2016-11-14T23:15:08+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/10/14/a-deep-view-down-broadway/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/a2744_parallel-hst-1148x1280.jpga2744_parallel-hst-1148x1280Abell 2744 Parallel Deep Field from the Hubble Frontier Fields Project Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI)2016-11-11T20:24:51+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/09/30/it-takes-a-team/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/leavitt_aavso.jpgleavitt_aavsohttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/credit-nasa-esa.jpgStill from Hubblecast episode 89: Edwin HubbleThis is a still from Hubblecast 89 which talks about the life of Edwin Hubble.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2016-aura-team-award-stsci-frontier-fields.jpg2016 AURA Team Award - STScI Frontier Fields2016-09-30T19:41:15+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/09/28/beyond-the-frontier-fields-how-jwst-will-push-the-science-to-a-new-frontier/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/9682953582_7029d9580d_b.jpg9682953582_7029d9580d_bhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/th-webb-telescope-artist-view5_2x__1_.jpgth-webb-telescope-artist-view5_2x__1_https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/full_jwst_hst_mirror_comparison.jpgfull_jwst_hst_mirror_comparison2016-09-29T18:26:19+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/02/19/spotlight-on-tricia-royle-senior-program-coordinator/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/royle_ksc-vc_sign.pngRoyle_KSC-VC_SignOn a later trip, 21-year-old Tricia poses at the entrance to Kennedy Space Center.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/royle_astronaut.pngRoyle_AstronautNineteen-year-old Tricia on her fifth or sixth trip to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Tricia recalls, “It was pretty much the first place I asked to go every time I'd go to Florida. Eventually, my family just accepted it as higher priority than Disney World.”https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/royle_portrait.jpegRoyle_portraitTricia Royle, senior program coordinator, answers questions about her role on the Frontier Fields program and the path she took to get there.2016-09-29T17:40:58+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/07/29/spotlight-on-jennifer-mack-research-and-instrument-scientist/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/pic2.pngJennifer Mack and sonJennifer Mack enjoying time in Colorado with her son.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/pic1.jpegJennifer MackJennifer Mack, a Hubble Research and Instrument Scientist, answers questions about her role on the Frontier Fields project.2016-09-29T17:40:29+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/10/12/spotlight-on-dan-coe-esaaura-astronomer/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/dan_mom_dad.jpegDan_Mom_DadDan, at the age of 11, poses with his mom and dad.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/dan_mom_2.pngDan_Mom_2This picture of Dan and his mom was taken when the future astronomer was just 5 months old.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/carina_nebula.jpgCarina_NebulaDan calls picture of the Carina Nebula "the most beautiful astronomy image I've seen." This 50-light-year-wide view of the nebula's central region shows a maelstrom of star birth and and death. The mosaic was assembled from 48 frames taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys, with information added from the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/abell_2744_and_model.pngAbell_2744_and_ModelLeft: Frontier Fields Hubble image of Pandora's Cluster, Abell 2744. Right: Lensing magnifications (color) and distortions (swirls) of distant galaxies according to one model produced by Johan Richard and the "CATS (Clusters As Telescopes) team.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/dan_coe_portrait.pngDan_Coe_PortraitDan Coe, ESA/AURA Astronomer, in front of the first Frontier Fields image, Abell 2744.2016-09-29T17:40:03+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/04/26/spotlight-on-gabriel-barnes-brammer-esaaura-astronomer/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/cometlovejoy.pngCometLovejoyPhoto taken by Gabe of Comet Lovejoy (C/2011 W3) and the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope at Cerro Paranal, Chile (December 22, 2011). Credit: Gabriel Brammer.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/m82.pngM82This mosaic image from Hubble of the magnificent starburst galaxy Messier 82 (M82) is the sharpest wide-angle view ever obtained of this galaxy. M82 is remarkable for its bright blue disk, webs of shredded clouds, and fiery-looking plumes of glowing hydrogen blasting out of its central regions. Credit: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Acknowledgment: J. Gallagher (University of Wisconsin), M. Mountain (STScI), and P. Puxley (National Science Foundation)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/hxdf.pngHXDFThe eXtreme Deep Field, or XDF, was assembled by combining 10 years of NASA Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken of a patch of sky at the center of the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The XDF is a small fraction of the angular diameter of the full Moon. Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/vlt_brammer.pngVLT_BrammerA composite image of sunset and midnight at the Very Large Telescope at Cerro Paranal, Chile. Each of the four domes houses a telescope with a primary mirror 8.2 meters (26.9 feet) in diameter. Credit: Gabriel Brammer.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gabebrammer_telescope.pngGabeBrammer_TelescopeGabe checks out the telescope for observations of the June 21, 2001, total solar eclipse from Lusaka, Zambia, as part of the Williams College Eclipse Expedition. Credit: J. Pasachoff.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/portrait.pngPortrait of Gabriel BrammerAstronomer Gabriel Brammer answers questions about his role on the Frontier Fields program and the path he took to get there.2016-09-29T17:38:59+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2013/10/18/hubble-hangout-frontier-fields/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/google-event-hubble-hangout-1200x675.pngHubble Hangout Banner2016-09-28T15:00:28+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2013/10/25/frontier-fields-hangout-highlights/2016-09-28T15:00:04+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/02/17/celebrating-hubbles-25th-anniversary/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/pillars-3.jpgpillars 3https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/pillars-2.jpgpillars 2https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/pillars-1.jpgpillars 12016-09-28T14:59:28+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/01/27/searching-for-cosmic-dawn/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/pic2.jpgpic2Illustration of how galaxy clusters can bend and redirect the light from distant background galaxies. Not only is the galaxy's light bent back in our direction so that Hubble can view it, but it is also magnified. This technique provides a means by which we can detect faint distant galaxies that would otherwise be out of reach of Hubble's capabilities. Illustration Credit: A. Feild (STScI)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/pic1.jpgpic1Illustration of the depth by which Hubble imaged galaxies in prior Deep Field initiatives, in units of the Age of the Universe. The goal of the Frontier Fields is to peer back further than the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and get a wealth of images of galaxies as they existed in the first several hundred million years after the Big Bang. Note that the unit of time is not linear in this illustration. Illustration Credit: NASA and A. Feild (STScI).2016-09-26T18:31:30+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/09/12/james-edwin-webb-turning-imagination-into-reality/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/james_webb_nasa_med.jpgJames_Webb_NASA_medJames Edwin Webb, the second administrator of NASA, was a staunch champion of space exploration. Photo credit: NASA.2016-09-26T18:30:43+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/11/12/hubbles-views-of-the-deep-universe-public-lecture/2022-07-16T06:28:56+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/frontier-fields-first-thoughts/2016-08-09T19:57:33+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/2016-08-09T19:45:24+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/about/2016-08-09T19:42:58+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/2016/07/21/the-final-frontier-of-the-universe/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/abell_s1063_parallel-hst-1148x1280.jpgabell_s1063_parallel-hst-1148x1280Abell S1063 Parallel Field - This deep galaxy image is of a random field located near the galaxy cluster Abell S1063. As part of the Frontier Fields Project, while one of Hubble's instruments was observing the cluster, another instrument observed this field in parallel. These deep fields provide invaluable images and statistics about galaxies stretching toward the edge of the observable universe.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/abell_s1063-hst-1143x1280.jpgabell_s1063-hst-1143x12802016-07-24T13:30:20+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/06/29/telescopes-team-up-to-view-cosmic-collisions/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chandra_draft_image2.jpgGalaxy cluster MACS J0717.5+3745 with dark matter mapMACS J0717 massive galaxy cluster.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chandra_draft_image1.jpgChandra_draft_image1MACS J0416 massive galaxy cluster.2016-06-29T16:52:12+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/05/26/the-whirlpool-galaxy-seen-through-a-cosmic-lens/2016-06-02T15:51:37+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/03/11/a-century-later-general-relativity-is-still-making-waves/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/slide31.pngSlide31https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/slide28.pngSlide28https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/slide27.pngSlide27https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bh_bh_merger.jpgbh_bh_merger2016-03-15T07:24:23+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/05/23/einsteins-crazy-idea/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/solar_eclipse_1919_positive-eddington-700x899.jpgTotal Solar Eclipse of May 29, 1919One of the original plates from the 1919 solar eclipse used to measure the effects of general relativity. Note the marked stars that were used for the measurements.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/1_abell2744_site.png1_abell2744_site2017-08-19T21:37:52+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2016/01/29/predicted-reappearance-of-supernova-refsdal-confirmed/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/hs-2015-46-a-web_print.jpghs-2015-46-a-web_print2016-02-09T16:47:55+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/12/29/how-hubble-sees-gravity/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/einstein_cross_g2237_0305-hst-650x602.jpgeinstein_cross_g2237_0305-hst-650x602https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/sdss_j10384849_smiley-hst-crop-500x420.jpgsdss_j1038+4849_smiley-hst-crop-500x420https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/macs_j0647_jd123-hst-montage-1100x805.jpgmacs_j0647_jd123-hst-montage-1100x805https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/a2218-hst-crop01-1280x768.pnga2218-hst-crop01-1280x7682016-03-05T20:29:00+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/09/28/new-interactive-explorer-for-galaxy-cluster-abell-2744/2015-10-23T07:19:37+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/08/31/iau_2015/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/macs_1149_plus_parallel.pngMACS J1149 & parallelShown on the left is the galaxy cluster MACS J1149. Shown on the right is the adjacent parallel field. These were the fourth pair of completed targets of the Hubble Frontier Fields program.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/macs_0717_plus_parallel.pngMACS J0717 & parallelShown on the left is the galaxy cluster MACS J0717. Shown on the right is the adjacent parallel field. These were the third pair of completed targets of the Hubble Frontier Fields program. This marked the halfway point of the Hubble Frontier Fields observing campaign and were completed in the Spring of 2015, around the 25th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/macs_0416_plus_parallel.pngMACS J0416 & parallel fieldShown on the left is the galaxy cluster MACS J0416. Shown on the right is the adjacent parallel field. These were the second completed targets of the Hubble Frontier Fields program.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/abell_2744_plus_parallel.pngAbell 2744 & parallel fieldShown on the left is the galaxy cluster Abell 2744. Shown on the right is the adjacent parallel field. https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/livermore_forman_01.pngNASA Hyperwall PresentationsThe Frontier Fields were featured, in high-definition, on NASA's Hyperwall. Top - Rachael Livermore presents the current status of Hubble's Frontier Fields. Bottom - Christine Jones-Forman presents a multiwavelength view of the Frontier Fields.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/img_20150803_102813.jpgFrontier Fields focus meetingThe Frontier Fields was highlighted with a 3-day focus meeting at the International Astronomical Union general assembly meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii.2015-10-29T22:51:41+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/06/16/how-hubble-observations-are-planned/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mast.pngMASTThis is a view of the many computers that are part of the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), located at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Md. The archive is named in honor of the United States Senator from Maryland for her career-long achievements and becoming the longest-serving woman in U.S. Congressional history. MAST is NASA’s repository for all of its optical and ultraviolet-light observations, some of which date to the early 1970s. The archive holds data from 16 NASA telescopes, including current missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope and Kepler. Senator Mikulski is in the center, STScI Director Matt Mountain at her right, and STScI Deputy Director Kathryn Flanagan at her left. The plaque to image right is a photo of Supernova Milkuski, an exploding star that the Hubble Space Telescope spotted on Jan. 25, 2012. It was named in honor of the Senator by Nobel Laureate Adam Riess and the supernova search team with which he is currently working. The supernova, which lies 7.4 billion light-years away, is the titanic detonation of a star more than eight times as massive as our Sun.2015-07-29T19:15:59+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/06/09/how-hubble-observations-are-proposed/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/tac.jpegTAC meetingThe time allocation committee (TAC) discusses which proposals will receive observing time on Hubble. 2020-08-03T13:30:00+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/06/23/galaxy-shapes-in-the-frontier-fields-observations/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/galaxy-shape-2.jpggalaxy shape 2This composite image shows examples of galaxies similar to our Milky Way at various stages of construction over a time span of 11 billion years. The galaxies are arranged according to time. Those on the left reside nearby; those at far right existed when the cosmos was about 2 billion years old. The Frontier Fields project is collecting galaxies from the earliest epochs of the universe to add to such comparisons. Credit: NASA, ESA, P. van Dokkum (Yale University), S. Patel (Leiden University), and the 3D-HST Teamhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/mice.jpgmiceThe Mice, as these colliding galaxies are called, are a pair of spiral galaxies seen about 160 million years after their closest encounter. Gravity has drawn stars and gas out of the galaxies into long tails. Credit: NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M.Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA2015-06-24T17:55:54+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/05/20/the-incredible-time-machine/2015-05-21T13:47:12+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/04/22/taking-stock-during-this-hubble-anniversary-week/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/ff_halfway_done.pngFF_Halfway_DoneShown here are the first three completed Frontier Fields galaxy clusters and their associated parallel fields. Labeled, from the top, are galaxy cluster Abell 2744, the neighboring Abell 2744 parallel field, galaxy cluster MACS J0416, the neighboring MACS J0416 parallel field, galaxy cluster MACS J0717, and the neighboring MACS J0717 parallel field. The MACS J0717 galaxy cluster image and its associated parallel field are still being processed, so we expect another version of these images shortly.2015-05-14T16:44:09+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/09/05/edwin-hubble-expands-our-view-of-the-universe/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/hubble300dpi.jpghubble300dpiEdwin Hubble is regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century. Illustration credit: Kathy Cordes of STScI. 2015-03-18T16:26:33+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/macsj0416/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/combo_macs_j0416.pngCombo_MACS_J0416(Left) Locations of Hubble’s observations of the MACS J0416 galaxy cluster, right, and the nearby parallel field, left, plotted over a Digital Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble’s visible light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble’s infrared light observations. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. (Right) Archival Hubble image of the MACS J0416 galaxy cluster taken in visible light. Left Credit: Digitized Sky Survey (STScI/NASA) and Z. Levay (STScI). Right Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Postman (STScI), and the CLASH team.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/macsj0416_archival_01.jpgMACSJ0416_archival_01https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/hff-dssfootprint-1b-macsj0416.jpgHFF-DSS+footprint-1b-MACSJ04162015-03-10T15:01:05+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/2014/12/09/mapping-mass-in-a-frontier-fields-cluster/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/weakvsstrongmicrolensing.jpgWeakVsStrongMicrolensingStronger lensing produces greater distortions. Astronomers can work backwards from the distortions to pinpoint the greater concentrations of mass responsible for producing such altered images.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/mcs-j0416-1e280932403_mass-map_high-res.jpgMass map of galaxy cluster MCS J0416.1–2403 using strong and w2015-03-10T14:58:44+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/12/02/frontier-fields-finds-faint-light-of-homeless-stars/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ghost-light_abell-2744.jpgGhost-light_Abell-2744The total starlight of galaxy cluster Abell 2744 is depicted here in blue in this Frontier Fields image. Not all the starlight is contained within the galaxies, which appear as blue-white objects. A portion of the light comes from stars that have been pulled from their galaxies and now drift untethered within the cluster.2015-03-10T14:57:47+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/abell-2744/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/combo_press_release_jan_7_2014.pngCombo_Press_Release_Jan_7_2014Early Frontier Field image of Abell 2744 with ~ 1/2 of the expected data included. (Left) Frontier Fields data of the galaxy cluster Abell 2744. Newly obtained infrared light data is shown in red. Visible light is included from archived observations, shown in blue and green. (Right) New Frontier Fields visible light data of the parallel field. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/abell_2744_pr_jan_7_2014_parallel.jpgAbell_2744_PR_Jan_7_2014_ParallelIn this "parallel field" to Abell 2744, Hubble resolves roughly 10,000 galaxies seen in visible light, most of which are randomly scattered galaxies. The blue galaxies are distant star-forming galaxies seen from up to 8 billion years ago; the handful of larger, red galaxies are in the outskirts of the Abell 2744 cluster.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/abell_2744_pr_jan_7_2014.jpgAbell_2744_PR_Jan_7_2014The immense gravity in this foreground galaxy cluster, Abell 2744, warps space to brighten and magnify images of far-more-distant background galaxies as they looked over 12 billion years ago, not long after the big bang. This is the first of the Frontier Fields to be imaged.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/hff-dssfootprint-1a-abell2744.jpgHFF-DSS+footprint-1a-Abell2744Locations of Hubble's observations of the Abell 2744 galaxy cluster (left) and the nearby parallel field (right), plotted over a Digital Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble's visible light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble's infrared light observations. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. Credit: Digitized Sky Survey (STScI/NASA) and Z. Levay (STScI).https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/abell_2744_archival_01.jpgAbell_2744_archival_01Archival image of the Abell 2744 cluster taken with Hubble's visible light ACS instrument. Credit: NASA, ESA, and R. Dupke (Eureka Scientific, Inc.), et al. https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/abell_2744_footprint_01.pngAbell_2744_footprint_01Frontier Fields observing regions of the Abell 2744 galaxy cluster (left) and the nearby parallel field (right). The blue boxes represent what the visible-light ACS instrument will see. The inner red boxes represent what the infrared detecting WFC3 instrument will see. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. 2020-09-15T15:07:09+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/macsj1149/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/combo_macs_j1149.pngCombo_MACS_J1149(Left) Locations of Hubble’s observations of the MACS J1149 galaxy cluster, top, and the nearby parallel field, bottom, plotted over a Digital Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble’s visible light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble’s infrared light observations. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. (Right) Archival Hubble image of the MACS J1149 galaxy cluster taken in visible light. Left Credit: Digitized Sky Survey (STScI/NASA) and Z. Levay (STScI). Right Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Postman (STScI), and the CLASH team.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/macs_j1149_archival_011.jpgMACS_J1149_archival_01https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/hff-dssfootprint-2b-macsj1149.jpgHFF-DSS+footprint-2b-MACSJ1149https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/macs_j1149_archival_01.jpgMACS_J1149_archival_012015-03-10T14:47:05+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/2015/03/06/a-stellar-explosion-seen-through-a-lumpy-cosmic-lens/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/refsdal2bannot-150219-m1200.pngSN Refsdal Arrival TimesIn this Hubble image, the expected arrival time of the light from the supernova is highlighted in the lensed versions of the background spiral galaxy. Credit:https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/p1508a-refsdal-m1500-150219.pngp1508a-refsdal-m1500-150219Hubble image of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149 in visible and infrared light. Inset: The spiral arm of a distant spiral galaxy is lensed multiple times, not only by the collective mass of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149, but also by a single ellilptical galaxy in the cluster. The supernova https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/macs1149refsdal-141217.pngMACS1149+Refsdal-141217Frontier Fields image of MACS J1149. The lensed images of a background spiral galaxy are noted, with approximate times when the light from supernova Refsdal is expected to reach Hubble's mirrors.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/refsdal-compinset-141218-m1k.pngRefsdal-comp+inset-141218-m1kSupernova Refsdal observed in a background spiral galaxy and lensed by the foreground massive galaxy cluster MACS J1149.2015-03-08T07:11:21+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/04/24/what-is-dark-matter/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/121236_newpiecharts720.png121236_NewPieCharts720https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/dark_matter_pie_chart__still_1.jpgDark_Matter_pie_chart__Still_1https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/hs-2007-01-a-web_print.jpghs-2007-01-a-web_printhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/hs-2010-37-b-web_print.jpghs-2010-37-b-web_print2015-03-02T18:07:06+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/02/26/the-marvel-of-gravitational-lensing/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/rcs2_03727-132623-hst-1280x865.jpgA Giant Lensed Galaxy ArcThis image shows one of the most striking examples of gravitational lensing, in which the gravitational field of a foreground object bends, distorts, and amplifies the light of a more distant background object. The view of a distant galaxy (nearly 10 billion light-years away) has been warped into a nearly 90-degree arc of light by the gravity of the galaxy cluster known as RCS2 032727-132623 (about 5 billion light-years away). Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Rigby (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), K. Sharon (Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago), and M. Gladders and E. Wuyts (University of Chicago) For more information: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/08/2015-02-26T17:19:34+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/01/21/macs-j0416-data-is-complete/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/macs2.pngmacs2https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/macs.pngmacs2015-01-21T17:25:36+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/11/12/grav_forensics/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/zitrin_etal_2014_abell2744_models_2_v2.pngZitrin_etal_2014_Abell2744_Models_2_v2Credit: Adi Zitrin et al. 2014. Shown here are the expected positions of the three lensed versions of the newly discovered high redshift galaxy candidate, based on mathematical models of the gravitational lensing from Abell 2744. Galaxy lens A, B, and C are all in positions that match high redshift solutions in the models, i.e. redshifts of around 8 or greater.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/dans_lensing_graphic.pngDans_Lensing_GraphicCredit: Courtesy of Dr. Dan Coe (STScI). Shown here is an illustration of how the multiple lensing of a background galaxy will show its maximum magnification depending on its distance to the foreground galaxy cluster. More distant galaxies will be lensed such that we observe them further from the center of the galaxy cluster.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/hs-2014-39-a-web_print.jpghs-2014-39-a-web_printCredit: NASA, ESA, A. Zitrin (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena), and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.) Shown is the discovery of a high redshift galaxy candidate, triply lensed by Abell 2744. The high redshift galaxy candidate's lensed images are labeled as a, b, and c.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/zitrin_etal_2014_abell2744_models_3_v2.pngZitrin_etal_2014_Abell2744_Models_3_v2https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/zitrin_etal_2014_abell2744_models_2.pngZitrin_etal_2014_Abell2744_Models_2https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/zitrin_etal_2014_abell2744_models.pngZitrin_etal_2014_Abell2744_Models2015-01-13T20:42:08+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2015/01/13/frontier-fields-hangout-hubble-finds-extremely-distant-galaxy-in-gravitational-lens/2015-01-13T20:31:23+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/11/24/a-black-hole-visits-baltimore/2014-11-24T13:10:38+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/10/28/light_detectives_colors/2014-11-03T16:36:31+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/10/23/first-galaxy-field-complete-abell-2744/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/hff-abell2744-v1-parallel-sc-m3rd.jpgHFF-Abell2744-v1-parallel-sc-m3rdThis is the completed composite mosaic of the Parallel Fields observed with galaxy cluster Abell 2744. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI) https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/hff-abell2744-sc-m3rd.jpgHFF-Abell2744-sc-m3rdFinal mosaic of the Frontier Fields galaxy cluster Abell 2744. This image is the culmination of both epochs totaling 157 Hubble orbits. The numbers prefixed with "F" are the Hubble filters used by the ACS and WFC3 cameras to take the image. The scale bar of 30" is approximately 2% the angular size of the full moon as seen from Earth - very small! Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI)2014-10-25T10:20:50+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/10/03/what-is-dark-energy/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/cosmic_pie_chart_hubble-hangout_4tony.jpgCosmic_pie_chart_Hubble-Hangout_4Tony2015-02-15T17:45:21+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/08/27/frontier-fields-public-lecture/2014-08-27T17:58:57+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/07/09/seeing-double-or-more-in-frontier-fields-images/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/abell2744-multilens-3markers.jpgAbell2744-multilens-3+markersImage 1https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/abell2744-multilens-1markers.jpgAbell2744-multilens-1+markersMultiple images of the same galaxy, identified by the number 1 (left) and number 3 (right).https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/abell-multiple.pngabell multiple2014-09-23T10:07:38+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/06/19/frontier-fields-update-hangout/2014-07-05T16:56:02+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/06/23/how-hubble-observations-are-scheduled/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/screen-shot-2014-06-03-at-7-23-13-pm.pngHubble’s Flight Operations Team resides in the Space Telescope Operations Control Center at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. In addition to monitoring the health and safety of the telescope, they also send command loads to the spacecraft, monitor their execution, and arrange for transmission of science and engineering data to the ground. 2014-06-12T23:57:27+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/06/12/gravitational-lensing-in-action/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/lensing_sim_trio-1600x5501.jpglensing_sim_trio-1600x5502014-06-22T10:05:01+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/05/29/visual-proof-of-general-relativity/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/a1689-hst-c169-1920x1080.jpgGalaxy Cluster Abell 1689Hubble image of galaxy cluster Abell 1689 showing a large number of lensed arcs - distorted images of background galaxies, gravitationally lensed by the mass of the cluster.2014-11-21T09:58:24+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/05/13/frontier-fields-qa-redshift-and-looking-back-in-time/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/em_spectrum_compare_level1_lg.jpgEM_spectrum_compare_level1_lgSince red light has a longer wavelength than blue light, the light is said to be "red-shifted." Credit: NASAhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/uranometria_e28094_fol-_34_v_cetus_e28094_1603.jpgUranometria_—_fol._34_v,_Cetus_—_1603Space dragons! Ok, probably not. Credit: Uranometriahttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1024px-full_moon_luc_viatour.jpg1024px-Full_Moon_Luc_ViatourThis is so 1.3 seconds ago. Credit: Luc Viatour, Wikimedia Commons2015-05-03T04:45:29+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/04/28/whats-really-in-a-frontier-fields-image/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/abell2744-annot-hiz.jpgAbell2744-annot-hizhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/abell2744-annot-background.jpgAbell2744-annot-backgroundhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/abell2744-annot-stronglens.jpgAbell2744-annot-stronglenshttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/abell2744-annot-clustgals.jpgAbell2744-annot-clustgalshttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/abell2744-annot-foreground.jpgAbell2744-annot-foregroundhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/abell2744-annot-stars.jpgAbell2744-annot-stars2014-06-05T09:05:29+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/04/01/hubble-observations-from-the-sky-to-the-ground/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/hst_datapath.jpgHST_DataPathImage Credit: Ann Feild, STScI2014-04-11T18:33:55+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/03/28/selection/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ff_locations_extinction.pngFF_Locations_ExtinctionLocations of the Frontier Fields on the sky. The colors denote the amount of extinction of background light due to dust - red is greatest dust extinction, blue is least dust extinction. The wavy dust band across the sky is our Milky Way galaxy. Credit: D. Coe (STScI), D. Schlegel (LBNL), D. P. Finkbeiner (Harvard), M. Davis (Berkeley)2014-03-30T00:44:04+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/03/18/locations-on-the-sky/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/1_abell2744_site_v4.png1_abell2744_site_v4Location of the Abell 2744 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Sculptor constellation.<br />SOURCES: Frontier Field location: STScI; Enlarged constellation map: International Astronomical Union (IAU)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/5_abells1063_site_v4.png5_abells1063_site_v4Location of the Abell S1063 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Eridanus constellation.<br />SOURCES: Frontier Field location: STScI; Enlarged constellation map: International Astronomical Union (IAU)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/4_macsj1149_site_v4.png4_macsj1149_site_v4Location of the MACS J1149 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Eridanus constellation.<br />SOURCES: Frontier Field location: STScI; Enlarged constellation map: International Astronomical Union (IAU)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/3_macsj0717_site_v4.png3_macsj0717_site_v4Location of the MACS J0717 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Eridanus constellation.<br />SOURCES: Frontier Field location: STScI; Enlarged constellation map: International Astronomical Union (IAU)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/2_macsj0416_site_v4.png2_macsj0416_site_v4Location of the MACS J0416 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Eridanus constellation.<br />SOURCES: Frontier Field location: STScI; Enlarged constellation map: International Astronomical Union (IAU)https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6_abell370_site_v3.png6_abell370_site_v3Location of the Abell 370 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Cetus constellation.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/5_abells1063_site_v3.png5_abells1063_site_v3Location of the Abell S1063 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Grus constellation.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/4_macsj1149_site_v3.png4_macsj1149_site_v3Location of the MACS J1149 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Leo constellation.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/3_macsj0717_site_v3.png3_macsj0717_site_v3Location of the MACS J0717 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Auriga constellation.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2_macsj0416_site_v3.png2_macsj0416_site_v3Location of the MACS J0416 galaxy cluster field and its parallel field in the Eridanus constellation.2016-01-08T17:43:40+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/abell-370/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/combo_abell_370.pngCombo_Abell_370(Left) Locations of Hubble’s observations of the Abell 370 galaxy cluster, right, and the nearby parallel field, left, plotted over a Digital Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble’s visible light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble’s infrared light observations. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. (Right) Archival Hubble image of the Abell 370 galaxy cluster taken in visible light. Left Credit: Digitized Sky Survey (STScI/NASA) and Z. Levay (STScI). Right Credit: NASA, ESA, the Hubble SM4 ERO Team, and ST-ECFhttps://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/abell_370_archival_01.jpgAbell_370_archival_01https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/hff-dssfootprint-3b-abell370.jpgHFF-DSS+footprint-3b-Abell3702014-03-21T03:08:56+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields-abell-s1063/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/combo_abell_s1063.pngCombo_Abell_S1063Locations of Hubble's observations of the Abell S1063 galaxy cluster (right) and the nearby parallel field (left), plotted over a Digital Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble's visible light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble's infrared light observations. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. Credit: Digitized Sky Survey (STScI/NASA) and Z. Levay (STScI).https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/hff-dssfootprint-3aabells1063.jpgHFF-DSS+footprint-3aAbellS10632014-03-21T03:08:19+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/macsj0717/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/combo_macs_j0717.pngCombo_MACS_J0717(Left) Locations of Hubble’s observations of the MACS J0717 galaxy cluster, bottom, and the nearby parallel field, top, plotted over a Digital Sky Survey (DSS) image. The blue boxes outline the regions of Hubble’s visible light observations, and the red boxes indicate areas of Hubble’s infrared light observations. The 1’ bar, read as one arcminute, corresponds to approximately 1/30 the apparent width of the full moon as seen from Earth. (Right) Archival Hubble image of the MACS J0717 galaxy cluster taken in visible light. Left Credit: Digitized Sky Survey (STScI/NASA) and Z. Levay (STScI). Right Credit: NASA, ESA, and H. Ebeling (University of Hawaii).https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/macsj0717_archival_01.jpgMACSJ0717_archival_01https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/hff-dssfootprint-2a-macsj0717.jpgHFF-DSS+footprint-2a-MACSJ07172014-03-21T03:06:08+00:00weekly0.6https://frontierfields.org/2014/01/10/cluster-and-parallel-fields-two-for-the-price-of-one-2/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/alternative_footprint_abell2744_150ppi.jpgDetailed View of Galaxy Cluster Abell 2744This diagram shows a detailed view of galaxy cluster Abell 2744, one of two massive galaxy clusters being imaged in the first year of Frontier Fields.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/fov_frontier-fields_4brandonblog_150ppi.jpgHubble Field of ViewThis illustration shows the “footprints” of all the instruments in Hubble’s field of view. These include the fine guidance sensors (FGSs), the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), and the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which includes the Solar Blind Channel (SBC). WFC3 and ACS are the two instruments involved in the Frontier Fields program.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ff_hst_lightpaths_lo-res.jpgFrontier Fields Light PathsThis diagram shows the light paths that originate with the galaxy cluster field and the neighboring parallel field. The light from the galaxy cluster field (red) is imaged with the Hubble’s infrared Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), while the light from the parallel field (blue) is imaged with the visible-light Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). Hubble’s entire field of view is shown on the left side of the diagram. It includes the “footprints” of ACS (red) and WFC3 (blue), as well as those of the fine guidance sensors (FGSs), which are the three, white wedges on the outside, and everything in between them.https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/hff-dssfootprint_abell2744_150ppi.jpgFrontier Fields FootprintsThis image illustrates the “footprints” of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) infrared detector, in red, and the visible-light Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), in blue. An instrument's footprint is the area on the sky it can observe in one pointing. These adjacent observations are taken in tandem. In six months, the cameras will swap places, with each observing the other’s previous location.2016-06-01T18:36:04+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/03/11/meet-the-frontier-fields-abell-370/2014-03-11T13:29:15+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/03/05/meet-the-frontier-fields-abell-s1063/2014-03-05T21:05:56+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/02/27/galaxy-find-showcases-frontier-fields-potential/https://frontierfields.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/hs-2014-17-a-web_print.jpghs-2014-17-a-web_print2014-03-04T00:57:02+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/02/25/meet-the-frontier-fields-macs-j1149-52223/2014-05-05T00:24:41+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/02/11/meet-the-frontier-fields-macs-j0416/2014-02-25T16:26:24+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/02/18/meet-the-frontier-fields-macs-j0717-53745/2014-02-25T16:26:07+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/02/04/meet-the-frontier-fields-abell-2744/2014-02-11T19:56:17+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/02/07/frontier-fields-at-aas-224/2014-02-07T20:49:15+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/01/30/the-frontier-fields-video-elevator-pitch/2016-01-08T17:26:41+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2014/01/17/cosmic-archeology-2/2014-09-07T14:08:42+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.org/2013/10/25/supernova-discovered-in-one-of-the-frontier-fields/2013-10-25T14:52:15+00:00monthlyhttps://frontierfields.orgdaily1.02022-07-16T06:28:56+00:00